Grades(Tyeps) of Paper

Some of the major grades of paper classifications are:

1 Based on Usage

• Industrial: Packaging, wrapping, filtering, electrical etc.
• Cultural: Writing, printing, Newspaper, currency etc.
• Food: Food wrapping, candy wrapping Coffee filter, tea bag etc

2 Based on Raw Material Wood: Contain fibers from wood Agricultural residue: Fibers from straw, grass or other annual plants Recycled: Recycle or secondary Fiber

3 Based on Surface Treatment

• Coated: Coated with clay or other mineral.
• Uncoated: No coating
• Laminated: aluminum, poly etc

Finish Fine/Course calendered/ supercalendered Machine Finished (MF)/Machine Glazed (MG) Glazed/Glossed

Comparative Analysis of Different Pulping Processes

Category	Pulping process	Chemical treatment	Mechanical treatment	pulp yield%
Mechanical	Ground wood	No treatment(sometimes steam treatment)	Grinder Defibrator	93-98
Semi-chemical	Ground wood and steamed ground wood with acid sulphite,bisulphite	none	Grinder,refiner or hydropupler	60-98
Chemical Process	Kraft(sulphate) Soda Acid sulphite Bisulphate-acid sulphite	Kraft Alkali Acid sulphite Bisulphate	None None None	40-55 40-55 40-60

Sindh paper industry

Paper industry	location	Raw material	Pulp process	products
Ddabhoy paper mill,security mills	karachi	Straw,cotton		Printing/writing paper
Allied paper mill, chilya cor-poration	thatta	straw		L,M
Dawn paper mill,orient strawboard,star paper mill	hyderabada	straw		L,M

Punjab Paper Mill

Paper industry	location	Raw material	Pulp process	products
International fib	khushab			Printing/wrinting paper
Thal paper	jaunharabad			newspaper
Farooki kraft	gujrat	wood	kraft	pulp
Jubilee+6	gujranwala	straw	soda	Textile cone stock
packages	lahore	Straw,khai	sulfite	Printing/writing paper,folding box,tissue
Century paper mill	kasur	Straw,bagasse	sulfite	Printing/writing paper,folding box
Crescent board	Faisalabad	bagasse	Thermo-mechanical pulping	Hard board,particle board
Flying paper mill	sheikhupura	straw	sulfite	Printing/writing paper,folding box

Paper Mills in Pakistan

Charsadda. NWFP:Pakistan paper cooperation

Pakistan paper cooperation was built in 1972 under government auspices,to produce 100 tons per day of printing/writing paper from bagasse.it adjoints charsadda sugar refinery.the pulp potential is 66,6000 tons per day.

                            

Nowshera,NWFP:Adamjee paper company

This company operate 2 machines,100 tons per day paper and board mill,the oldest in Pakistan.they produce about 60 TPD of neutral sulphite pulp from straw,khai,cotton,etc.they are using some popular and E.Camaaldulensis on trial basis.

Gujranwala,Punjab

There are six mills in this area producing about 32,000 TPA of paper or board and 20,000TPA

of lime soda pulp.67 TPD of these jubilee paper and board mills is the best and largest at 10,000 TPA pulp,15,000 TPA paper.these mills are primarily producing some stock for local textile industry.

Sheikkhpura,punjab

There are 12 mills in this locality grouped in close proximity one another of the sheikhupura-lahore highway.they range from 4,000-19,000 TPA pulp.total paper capacity is 93,000 TPA.

    

Flying paper mills

It is one of  the newest mills,the paper mill started up in 1986,the pulp mil in 1989.they have a capacity of 24,000 TPA printing/writing and sack kraft papers:14,000 TPA straw pulp.since start up,they have also been using imported pulp,thus producing excellent paper.pulpwood potential is 53,000 TPA.

  Lahore,Punjab

there are five mills in Lahore area,three operating now.total pulp wood potential is 235,000 TPA.

Packages limited

]Packages operate three machines producing 42,500 TPA of wide variety of grades including tissue,printing/writing and folding box.packages produce 60 TPD of neutral sulfite pulp,primarily from straw and khai.the pulpwood potential is 94,000 TPA.

Chunian,Kasur,Punjab:Centery Paper Mill

Century paper is the new mill.it has two paper machines producing printing/writing and folding box grades.it has capacity of 100-120 TPD.it produces bi-sulphite pulp from straw and bagasse.

Faisalabad,Punjab:crescent hardboard

They produce 24,000 TPA of hard board and particle board,its raw material is bagasse.it is owned by the crescent sugar company.

Karachi,Sindh

Two mills,Ddabhoy paper and security mills produce 3,500 TPA paper.Al-Noor sugar mill is interested to establish a bagasse based mill.the pulp wood potential of 11,000TPA is discounted.

                                          

Hyderabad-Kotri,Sindh

There are three mill,Dawn paper,Orient strawboard and star paper mills.these produces 11,000TPA and 7,500 TPA pulp.

Thatta,Sindh

Two existing mills,Allied Paper at Gharo chilya corperation produce 13,000TPA paper and 9,000TPA pulp.the announced pakland paper limited is stated at 30,000TPA capacity.

Nooriabad,Dadu,Sindh

City paper cooperation produces 7,200 TPA of corrugating medium,no pulp.

Paper industry in Pakistan

At the time of partition,there were 15 mills in the subcontinent producing a 100,000 tons of paper per year,but as it happened ,none of them was in the area that became Pakistan.and the new country had literally to start from scratch.every single sheet of paper had to imported for printing newspaper,producing schoolbooks,writing letters or carrying private or government business.

In the early years of our independence,we were spending annually three crores of rupees for imported paper apart from similarity heavy expenditure on imports of other business and basic necessities.

We have identified 41 mills in Pakistan,31operating,8 planned and 2 idle.they have the capicaty for producing about 465,000 TPA paper and 292,000 TPA pulp.these range from under 2000TPA toabout 30,000 TPA.they are all very small by modern standards.the primary fiber sources are wheat straw,khai with some baggase,cotton waste and other materials.There is no wood used with the expection of experiments in few miles.

Advantages and drawbacks of using non-wood fibre for papermaking

Some non-wood fibres used as raw materials for papermaking have high annual yields per hectare. The average annual yield per hectare of kenaf, a non-wood fibre, is about twice that of fast-growing softwoods (see table below) (Pierce, 1991). Non-woods have lower lignin content than woods and generally it is easier to delignify non-woods, as they have lower activation energies (Bobalek and Chaturvedi, 1989). 

Producing paper from non-wood fibres would help in reducing the need to procure pulpwood from natural forests, and for large-scale plantations. Under certain climatic conditions, non-wood fibre production may be a reasonable alternative to tree plantations. 

Average annual yields of different papermaking raw materials

Plant	Fibre yield	Pulp yield
	(tonnes/year/ha)	(tonnes/year/ha)
Scandinavian softwood	1.5	0.7
Fast-growing softwood	8.6	4
Temperate softwood	3.4	1.7
Fast-growing hardwood	15	7.4
Wheat straw	4	1.9
Rice straw	3	1.2
Bagasse	9	4.2
Bamboo	4	1.6
Kenaf	15	6.5
Hemp	15	6.7
Elephant grass	12	5.7
Canary grass	8	4.0

Leading sources of non-wood fibres

At the present time, the most commonly utilized non-wood fibre is straw, which accounts for 46 percent of total production (see table below). This is followed by bagasse (14 percent) and bamboo (6 percent) (Atchison, 1995). Other non-wood fibres such as cotton, hemp, sisal and kenaf are also becoming more important in the manufacture of pulp and paper.

Leading non-wood fibres

Raw materials	Non-wood papermaking pulp capacities
	1985	1988	1993	1998 (estimate)
	('000 tonnes)
Straw	6166	5260	9566	10187
Bagasse	2339	2267	2984	3682
Bamboo	1545	1674	1316	1850
Miscellaneous: cotton, reeds, sisal, jute, hemp, abaca, kenaf, flax	3302	6366	6870	7742
Total	13352	15567	20736	23471

                                

The current situation

On a global scale, non-wood fibres are a minor part of raw material supply to paper and paperboard manufacture. In many countries, however, they are still widely used and are of significant importance in terms of overall volume and as a percentage of total pulp supply. The following table gives an idea of current use of non-wood fibres in papermaking in the 18 countries that account for nearly 98 percent of world supply:

Leading users of non-wood fibres in papermaking

Country	1993		1998 (estimate)
	Non-wood pulping capacity	Percentage of total pulping capacity	Non-wood pulping capacity	Percentage of total pulping capacity
	('000 tonnes)		('000 tonnes)
China	15246	86.9	16830	84.3
India	1307	55.5	2001	61.3
Pakistan	415	100	415	100
Mexico	321	29.2	324	29.3
Peru	298	95.2	296	95.2
Indonesia	267	22.1	267	10.1
Colombia	218	45.1	218	37.2
Thailand	209	100	509	100
Brazil	196	3.1	238	3.3
Venezuela	185	75.2	187	75.4
United States	179	0.3	204	0.3
Greece	150	85.7	160	84.2
Spain	140	7.9	141	7.7
Argentina	140	14.6	140	12.8
Egypt	127	100	127	100
Italy	120	13.3	120	13.3
Cuba	108	100	108	100
Turkey	103	16.5	103	16.5

Source: Oye et al., 1991.